Critique of Sexual Difference | Analysis

Critique of Sexual Difference | Analysis Sexual Difference Representation Explain how and why the critique of sexual difference intersected with a (postmodern) critique of representation in the later 1970s and early 1980s. Consider why photography had an important role and the significance of image-text relationship in this type of practice. As Craig Owens states in his paper ‘The Discourse of Others: Feminists and Postmodernism’ (Owens, 1983), the 1970s and 80s saw a coming together of the (mainly) feminist and queer theory critiques of sexual difference and the erosion of perspectivalist and univocal theories of vision and representation. As this paper shall assert, both of these positions can be seen to be traceable back to a single ontological and aesthetic rupture: the breakdown in what Lyotard was to term the grand or â€Å"meta narrative† (Lyotard, 1984: xxiv) and the subsequent rise in notions such as polyvocity (Deleuze and Guattari, 2004), heteroglossia (Bakhtin, 2000) ecriture feminine (Cixous, 1980) and differance (Derrida, 1997). This paper will also assert, through of the work of Roland Barthes especially, that photography had a major significance in exemplifying the kind of aesthetico-ontological concerns and strategies of postmodernity and poststructuralism; chiefly through such notion s as the punctum (Barthes, 2000); â€Å"the obtuse meaning† inherent within still visual images (Barthes, 1983) and the play of meaning between image and linguistic sign. This paper represents then an attempt to not only understand photography’s place within critical theory over the last two decades or so but how this provides a mirror to the wider movements of philosophical thought. The critique of sexual difference can be seen to emanate from a wide variety of authors (Foucault, Derrida, Kristeva, Wittig etc) however, within the mandates of this paper, I should like to look at two main theorists that have special relevance: Luce Irigaray and Helene Cixous, both of whom have been seen to challenge the phallic hegemony and its role in normative representation. As Elizabeth Grosz (1994) points out, one of the chief critiques inherent within the second wave feminist movement of the 1970s and 80s was its contention that the philosophical and social subject had always been thought of gendered, as Grosz states: The enigma that Woman has posed for men is an enigma only because the male subject construed itself as the subject par excellence. The way (he fantasizes) that Woman differs from him makes her containable within his imagination (reduced to his size) but also produces her as a mystery for him to master and decipher†¦ The construction of the male universal subject, asserted many feminist thinkers, resulted not only in the normalisation of phallocentricism but a privileging of its many dependants (reason, univocity, vision and so on). By positing Woman as the symptom of man through such notions as (among others) the castration complex and the psycho-sexual other, a phallocentric regime suppressed many of the discourses and thought processes associated with the feminine. Thinkers such as Luce Irigaray and Helene Cixous attempted to challenge this position by asserting the prominence of other discourses and narratives that avoided or sometimes even challenged, the dominance of the male point of view. In ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’ (1980) for instance, Cixous suggests that women’s writing and artistic creativity (disciplines such as photography for instance) should recognise the value of multiple readings, intertextuality and indistinct poetic expression, for her the notion of sexual difference was inextricably tied to textual and visual representation and both were dominated by a single, male-centred, vision, as Cixous details: Nearly the entire history of writing is confounded with the history of reason, of which it is at once the effect, the support, and one of the privileged alibis. It has been one with the phallocentric tradition. It is indeed that same self-admiring, self-stimulating, self congratulatory phallocentricism. This same theme is continued in the essay ‘This Sex Which is Not One’ (1985) by Luce Irigaray where the example of the female genitals is cited as existing as an intensive binary, each part relying and drawing stimulation from the other, thus challenging the oneness and singularity of the phallus. Irigaray also makes the point that, for female sexuality, touch is more meaningful that vision, the first suggestion that there maybe some cross over between the critiques of sexual difference and representation. As Owens (1983) suggests, postmodernity and the critique of representation also aimed to challenge the accepted (male dominated) field of vision by, firstly, exposing the links that exist between representation and phallocentricism and then by asserting the value of multi-perspectives, multiple readings and other modes of viewing. The postmodern image, as Jameson (1991) states, is one that has lost its originary connection to a real world and exists instead in a circuit of self referencing images whereby â€Å"The world†¦momentarily loses its depth and threatens to become a glossy skin, a stereoscopic illusion, a rush of filmic images without density.† The postmodern image elides notions such as authenticity and distinct critical reading because it has lost what Benjamin (2008) described as the aura of original authorial intent. Commensurate with notions such as the death of author (Barthes, 1988) the postmodern critical position asserts the validity of multiple readings and the inherent intertextual nature of image and text, as Owens (1983) states: It is precisely at the legislative frontier between what can be represented and what can cannot that the postmodernist operation is being staged not in order to transcend representation, but in order to expose the system of power that authorizes certain representations while blocking, prohibiting or invalidating others. Among those prohibited from Western representation, whose representations are denied legitimacy, are women. The critique of sexual difference, then, and the critique of representation are inextricably linked, being as they are both attempts at challenging traditional modernist and phallocentric modes of thinking. Each can be viewed as a strategy that seeks to overcome not only specific areas (gender inequality, monolithic modes of representation etc) but the regime that provides their ground. Each attempts to do this through a series of critical re-framings and theoretical positions that uncover the inherent inconsistencies and internal fissures in the dominant discourse. Roland Barthes’ work Camera Lucida (2000) is an ideal example of how such ideas can be translated into literary and photographic theory. In his notion of the punctum, for instance, Barthes details how time, sentiment and personal interest can alter our reception of a photograph far beyond the intents of either the photographer or the photographic model. The punctum, or as Barthes details â€Å"a partial object† (Barthes, 2000: 43) is that which exists outside of the normalised view of what is representable in a photograph, it elides direct visual recognition and changes with each viewer and viewing; Barthes describes his experience of a photograph by William Klein from 1954 of poverty stricken children in New York’s Little Italy for instance, despite the overtly socio-political message of the photograph (an adult hand holding a gun to a smiling boy’s head) what could be considered the traditional representational, rational meaning, Barthes can not help but â€Å"stubbornly see one child’s bad teeth† (Barthes, 2000: 45). In his notion of the â€Å"third meaning†, also from his essay of the same name, Barthes points to the ironic and sometimes comical accidental elements of a photograph or a still image of a film, what he calls the obtuse meaning, speaking of a still from Romm’s Ordinary Fascism, he says: I can easily read (in this still) an obvious meaning, that of fascism (aesthetics and symbolics of power, the theatrical hunt), but I can also read an obtuse meaning: the (again) disguised blond silliness of the young quiver-bearer, the flabbiness of his hands and mouth†¦Goering’s thick nails, his trashy ring†¦ For Barthes then, that which was not intended to be represented – the inherent phallic instability of the Nazi party – can be discerned in photography, not in the elements that form the centre of the picture (the ‘studium’) but those at the periphery that elide the rational and studied gaze. As Shawcross (1997) details, Barthes’ notions here reflect the desire to challenge the kinds of discourses we have looked at above, it stresses the importance of multiple readings when dealing with photographic images and also attempts to challenge traditional (Western phallocentric) notions of single point perspective. In allowing such multiple readings, asserts Barthes, the photographs brings into question the relationship between image and text and, more rightly, exposing the play that exists between the two. In a process that Barthes calls â€Å"anchorage† (Barthes, 1977: 38) text pins down the multi-faceted meaning of an image, suppressing the natural polyvocal nature of a photograph and re-establishing the rational search for a unique interpretation. In the series of photographs by Gillian Wearing, for example, where ordinary members of the public were photographed holding up textual messages such as â€Å"I’m Desperate† and â€Å"Help†, it is the text that is assumed to be the underlying truth behind the photographic image, highlighting the extent that textual and linguistic signifiers have historically dominated visual ones. Feminist photographers have often played with the inherent slippage of meaning within the photographic image; the work of Cindy Sherman, for instance, exemplifies many of the issues we have been discussing here. Photographed in a series of ironic and iconic poses and ‘disguises’ Sherman’s work is both postmodern, in that it is self referential and kitsch but it is also considered feminist in that it attempts to rediscover and reclaim patriarchally constructed images of womanhood (the housewife, the screen starlet, the victim etc). As Shawcross (1997) details, by using herself as a model, Sherman also deconstructs the notion of identity and surface appearances – who or what are we reacting to in these images, Sherman the photographer, Sherman the icon, Sherman the disguised housewife or the housewife per se as an image in itself? As Barthes would suggest, the contribution of the photograph to the debate on the relationship between image and text (Sherman tel lingly does not titled any of her photographs) is the very play of interpretation that such photographs expose. Ultimately, then, as we have seen, there could be considered a direct link between the failure of grand narratives such as sexual difference and perspectivalist representation and the rise in critical interest in photography. As an art form that is both indexical and open to manipulation, photography is ideally suited to exemplify debates on the nature of interpretation and semiotics, something that has had a marked influence on both critical theorists and photographers alike. References Bakhtin, M (2000), The Dialogic Imagination, Austin: University of Texas. Barthes, R (1977), Image Music Text, London: Hill and Wang. Barthes, R (1980), Barthes Selected Writings, London: Fontana. Barthes, R (2000), Camera Lucida, London: Vintage. Benjamin, W (2008), The Work of Art in the Age of Technological Reproducibility and Other Writings on Media, Cambridge: Harvard University. Cixous, H (1980), ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’, published in New French Feminisms, London: Harvester. Deleuze, G and Guattari, F (2004), A Thousand Plateaus, London: Continuum. Derrida, J (1997), Of Grammatology, Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University. Durand, R and Criqui, J.P (2006), Cindy Sherman, London: Flammarion. Grosz, E (1994), Volatile Bodies: Towards a Corporeal Feminism, Indianapolis: University of Indiana. Heidegger, M (2007), ‘The Origin of the Workd of Art’, published in Basic Writings, London: Routledge. Irigaray, L (1985), This Sex Which is Not One, New York: Cornell University. Jameson, F (1991), Postmodernism, or The Logic of Late Capitalism, London: Verso. Lloyd, G (1984), The Man of Reason, London: Methuen. Lyotard, J.F (1984), The Postmodern Condition, Manchester: University of Manchester. Owens, C (1983), ‘The Discourse of Others’ available online at http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Fb1ceOH6t0AJ:www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/PoMoSeminar/Readings/OwensOthers.pdf+the+discourse+of+othershl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=uk Paley, M (1997), Gillian Wearing – Signs that Say What you Want Them to Say and Not Signs That Say What Someone Else Wants, London: Interim Art. Shawcross, N (1997), Roland Barthes: On Photography, Gainsville: University of Florida.

Brownie Baker: Case Analysis

One of the ways The Brownie Baker accomplishes this effort is through its use of product packaging and design. However, based on the company's overall performance history and strategic business maneuvers, low-cost leadership is what truly Is In motion. The Brownie Baker relies heavily on achieving maximum value through its products. One of the many ways that this is achieved is through product quality control. The Brownie Baker has placed a lot of effort into making sure higher grade ingredients are implemented into the production of their food products.Another way that I live quality and value are achieved is through the strict guidelines followed to assure product freshness. Customers find exceptional value In The Brownie Baker's products not only for the amount of product they receive for their dollar, but also the consistency of a delicious fresh product. The Brownie Baker company has consistently made changes over the years to drive down costs while maintaining product quality. From changes to its production processes to the establishment of third-party business partnerships, The Brownie Baker has strives for efficiency to promote a sustainable and profitable business. Referring to the list of operations strategies in the Powering booklet, which does The Brownie Baker use? Please cite examples from the case to support each strategy that you mention. There are a multitude of operational decisions that a business must utilize Its operational management strategy. The Brownie Baker clearly uses the low-cost leadership business format in its day to day business processes. For example, The Brownie Baker has been very decisive with the distribution points for its products.The company has identified its target markets and the consumer types for effective reduce placement that have proven successful. The company Initially defined Its Because The Brownie Baker has maintained its value and quality over the years, management has realized further market potential to ex pand its reach into the super market industry. To accomplish this task the company has had to also maintain cost production to keep pricing competitive. The Brownie Baker has partnered with a multitude of third-party resources to ensure efficiency, product development and maintenance of external costs.Another way that The Brownie Baker has practiced the low-cost leadership strategy is n the internal production of its products. The company has found a number of methods to refine the production process and lower overhead expenditures with inventory control. For instance, the company used to produce food products for future sales but now has shifted too production by order process. This strategy has lowered production costs through better inventory management and reduced the likelihood of overproduction and waste. . Referring to the Powering slide which shows various patterns that can be found in historical demand, which can be observed at the Brownie Baker? How can you tell? The Brown ie Baker has experienced steady growth volume in sales over the years by paying close attention to commodity price fluctuations and adapting its business strategies appropriately. Historically the company has embraced a steady stream of demand from the consumer market with only a slight deviation normally seen in the month of January.Management has come to see this slight differentiation of the norm possibly due to lack of consumer expendable income and dieting after the holidays. This pattern in the normal trend of demand behavior would be considered an irregular variation. 4. What changes have been made in production scheduling and inventory management? Why have these changes been important? The Brownie Baker has taken advantage of several new technologies and techniques to enhance product consistency and productivity over the recent years.Some of the most critical strategies the company has revamped are in production scheduling and inventory management. The company began this res tructure in scheduling by increasing employees and modifying work hours to optimize production output and cleaning maintenance. Another significant change the company took was to reduce the overproduction of its rodents. Since The Brownie Baker's food products have a 21-day shelf life they had to remain frozen in storage until shipment. The company was lumping orders together and baking goods for future distribution; this was keeping money tied up while products waited to be shipped.Instead, the company now prepares its shipments and freeing assets frozen in inventory and storage costs. Finally, I believe another important change to The Brownie Baker's production process was the implementation of cross-training its employees in product production. At one point the company had 10 to 20 workers that were trained to reduce one type of product. Having this new strategy in place has increased the flexibility needed for shorter production runs and increased overall efficiency. 5.How are c hanges made to deal with increasing commodity prices also related to sustainability issues? (Cite three examples of changes AND how each change is related to sustainability. ) There are several measures The Brownie Baker has taken through use of low-cost leadership operational decisions to sustain itself successfully over the years. In an ever-changing external environment with some changes that are predictable and there unforeseen, a company has to consistently forecast, prepare, innovate and refine its processes.One way that The Brownie Baker has found sustainability in the volatility of commodity prices was the establishment of Third-party partnerships with other companies to offset transportation costs due to the increase in fuel prices. The Brownie Baker has also implemented newer technologies, utilizing newer servers, computer hardware and financial software to provide them vital reports on costs. To have this current computer technology at dispose is crucial in today's busine ss market and environment. These systems provide management the tools accessory to monitor and optimize purchases for necessary commodities in real time.Having the ability to research cost data provides sustainability through purchase cost savings potential. Current technology and powerful software offers the company better flexibility, efficiency and purchasing effectiveness. Lastly, I believe a key element that The Brownie Baker has carefully managed is the accuracy and timeliness of its product pricing. The company has been able to sustain itself by properly adjusting its product pricing to remain not only competitive but also offset increases in commodity costs and other economic factors.

Theme Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde And Something Wicked This...

Decisions are constantly being made through conscious and unconscious evaluation. As stated by Freud’s psychodynamics’ theory, one’s mind is made up of the law abiding superego, the pleasure driven id, and the ego that mediates between the two. It is clear that one’s decisions are always being influenced by external factors. This idea is portrayed in both Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Ray Bradbury’s Something Wicked this Way Comes. The story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde follows a lawyer as he attempts to uncover the mystery of his friend Dr. Jekyll and his connection to the id-driven Mr. Hyde. Something Wicked this Way Comes is about three characters named Jim Nightshade, Will Halloway and his father, Charles Halloway,†¦show more content†¦Mr. Hyde’s only thoughts are to fulfill Dr. Jekyll’s id thus, he embodies his aggressive and sexual desires. Mr. Hyde gains enormous pleasure from harming people because Mr. Hyde’s decisions to brutalize people satisfy the id’s aggressive nature. In Something Wicked this Way Comes, Charles Halloway’s description of autumn people portrays the interdependence between the mind’s superego and the id. He says, â€Å"‘Such are the autumn people. Beware of them.’ After a pause, both boys exhaled at once. [†¦] ‘Then’ Will swallowed – ‘does that make us†¦summer people?’ ‘Not quite. Most of us are half-and-half. [†¦] there are times when were all autumn people,’† (Bradbury 106). This quote is an analogy of the superego and the id that makes up the psyche of every person. Mr. Halloway explains to the boys that they should beware autumn people, who are people that act largely on the id’s impulsive nature. He also states that most people are half and half which demonstrates Freud’s psychodynamic theory which states that the mind must be made up of the id, ego and superego. By saying this, Mr. Halloway meant that all people make decisions by considering both their id and superego. Nonetheless, he also states that at times all people are autumn people which shows that based on one’s emotions, the ego may agree with the id’s instincts. Judy Cornes analyzes and explains the effects of Dr. Jekyll’s experiment pertaining to his unconscious mind. She says, â€Å"If Jekyll is not particularlyShow MoreRelatedDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis1467 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson and â€Å"Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti are two interesting stories that would show how authors are able to outline good and evil in stories. The first story I consider a mystery as Stevenson leaves his reader in suspense of who really is Mr. Hyde, and what relationship does he have with Dr. Jekyll. And to help the reader solve this mystery was an interesting c haracter by the name Mr. Utterson, who is a Lawyer by profession. Thus, in his questRead MoreDr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde2521 Words   |  11 PagesUncovering Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886 by Robert Louis Stevenson. The story is based on a London lawyer named Gabriel John Utterson, who investigates strange occurrences between his old friend, Dr. Henry Jekyll, and the evil Edward Hyde. This novel was composed as a shilling shocker. A shilling shocker is a short, graphic book. This whole novel is based in Victorian England. 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Meanwhile Mr. Utterson, Dr. Jekyll’s lawyer and close friend, tries to figure out why his dear friend Dr. Jekyll is acting so suspiciously, while simultaneously trying to uncover the origin of Mr. Hyde for himself. The StrangeRead MoreHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 Pageshomosexuality due to his Victorian male upbringing; a man named Frankenstein. Robert Stevenson described what happens when a homosexual male attempts to live double lives to cover up his true feelings, and entitled it The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The Elizabethan era, like the Victorian era, had its own view of homosexuality. Iago, a man with the tongue of a serpent, is believed to be homosexual, and because of his homosexuality, he brings to fruition the tragic deaths of the the main

Personal Narrative The Way Down - 1055 Words

The Way Down â€Å"I can’t believe I’m doing this,† I thought, as I inched forward and looked over the side of the plane. I looked over to see my friend who was with me getting ready to jump. Chris had been skydiving before, knew all the basics and would go everyday if he could. My best friend Chris wasn’t afraid of anything and jumped out of the plane as soon as the instructor said it was okay. It wasn’t a surprise that Chris wasn’t afraid of skydiving. He’s 6’ 4†, plays college football and is built like an ox. Unlike me who is short, skinny and president of the student body. As I looked down into the plain sky, I saw Chris going down hurtling towards the ground, screaming a happy cheer at the top of his lungs. It really was a surprise†¦show more content†¦I looked down to see the helmet hit Chris and his body went motionless. I remember hearing that if you put your hand on your side and leaned forward you will go faster. I tried this. My body went faster and faster, until I couldn’t hear anything, even my own thoughts. I passed my instructor on the way down and was headed to my friend. I reached Chris and pulled his shoot. Nothing happened. I pulled the tab harder, again nothing. I started to panic. I did the only thing I could do. I unstrapped my friend and carried him, hoping that the parachute would hold both of us. I then pulled my tab. It wouldn’t open with the extra weight. I couldn’t do anything except for hope for the best. I then remembered the pack that was attached to my shoot, holding any belongings I wanted to bring down with me. I started to throw everything down below. By now, we were way below the area where we were supposed to pull the shoot, and coming closer and closer to the ground. After throwing out everything that was in both Chris’s pack and my pack, we were probably 10 pounds lighter. I tried pulling the shoot again and surprisingly it worked. I took a deep breath thanking God that the shoot finally worked. I looked up and saw the instructor with his eyes wide open, giving me a thumbs up. Chris was still unconscious and laying across my lap. I was so excited that we were finally going to make it. We didn’t have much to go before we would hit the ground. I decidedShow MoreRelatedWalter Fishers Narrative Paradigm Analysis727 Words   |  3 PagesWalter Fisher created the narrative paradigm in 1984. Our book lists several communication theories under the heading of group an d public communication; narrative paradigm is one of them. Fisher contends it is human nature to communicate using storytelling. Relating events in this manner helps us make decisions. Stories passed down from generation to generation teach the history and importance of culture or tradition. 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For me I believe my personal narrative has had a large impact on my personality a nd so I am going

Quest for Personal Identity in Toni Morrisons the Bluest Eye

Post World War I, many new opportunities were given to the growing and expanding group of African Americans living in the North. Almost 500,00 African Americans moved to the northern states between 1910 and 1920. This was the beginning of a continuing migration northward. More than 1,500,000 blacks went north in the 1930s and 2,500,00 in the 1940s. Life in the North was very hard for African Americans. Race riots, limited housing resulting in slum housing, and restricted job opportunities were only a few of the many hardships that the African American people had to face at this time. Families often had to separate, social agencies were overcrowded with people that all needed help, crime rates increased and many other†¦show more content†¦`Crazy foo...my floor, mess ...look what you...get on out...crazy...crazy...my floor , my floor.... Her words were hotter and darker than the smoking berries. The little [white] girl in pink started to cry. Mrs. Breedlove turned to her. `Hush, baby, hush. Dont cry no more (Morrison 109). Her mother viewed Pecola as an obstacle that had the potential to get in the way of her white charges happiness and consequently her happiness. Her mother refused to show any love to Pecola because it might interfere with more important things. For a little girl, the love of her mother is the most important love she can receive. Without that, how can she think that she is worth anything at all? Finally the rape by her father is the last evidence Pecola needs to believe completely that she is an ugly unlovable girl. While in most cases a father figure is one who little girls look to for guidance and approval, Cholly is the exact opposite. He hurts Pecola in a physical way that in one attempt measures up to the years of hurtful mockery. He took away from her the one thing that was utterly and completely hers. After the rape, Pecola was never even remotely the same: She was so sad to see. Grown people looked away; children, those who were not frightened by her, laughed outright. The damage done was total. She spent her days, walking up and down her head jerking to the beat of a drummer so distant only she could hear.Show MoreRelatedBeauty Is Pain And Its Effect On Society1401 Words   |  6 Pages1970’s disco, the definition of â€Å"attractiveness† continues to evolve. Toni Morrison’s Nobel Prize-winning novel, The Bluest Eye, explores themes of beauty and the power of appearance. During the 1940’s, amidst World War II conflict, the â€Å"Aryan race† was praised/idolized for fair skin, light eyes, and blonde hair. Pecola, a young, low-class black girl strives to achieve this standard of beauty in hopes of discovering happiness/personal fulfillment in a world full/plagued with of moral unease. But to whatRead MoreThe Bluest Eye, And Marilynne Robinson s Housekeeping2047 Words   |  9 Pagessociety have a consistent, unavoidable impact on the individual and our own sense of identity. Whether it is the home we grow up in, the societal standards we face, or the relationships we lose and make, self-identification is significantly inf luenced by our surroundings. This journey to find oneself is a central theme within both Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, and Marilynne Robinson’s, Housekeeping. The Bluest Eye tells the story of Pecola Breedlove, a young African American girl who yearns

Solar Power Free Essays

string(54) " was the equivalent of about 20 nuclear power plants\." ABSTRACT The assignment is based on solar energy and the title is â€Å"Solar Energy: and infinite resource meeting our infinite demand. † Firstly, solar energy is then introduced where it states that the energy radiated from sun is the solar energy which is essential for Earth. The aspects to be covered and the motivation for choosing solar energy are then explained. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pictures of solar cells are provided to have a better view of how solar power is generated. In addition, the importance of solar power is explained which says that solar energy is important to nature as it is the power source of life and a clean energy as it helps to keep the environment green. Secondly, the process of generating solar power from solar energy is explained with the help of a diagram. Next, real life examples of how solar power is harnessed in different countries are given. The examples are described in details and the use of solar power in Germany and Bangladesh is highlighted. Then, a table is included which represents the largest photovoltaic power stations around the world. You can read also Thin Film Solar Cell After that, some plans of using solar power in future are given in details. It further talks about the future of solar power in Bangladesh and India. Finally, the assignment is concluded with the thought that solar energy is a renewable resource which when used causes no pollution and for this reason, the world is watching that solar energy is not only capable of saving electricity but also it has many offerings that goes beyond what most people think. Solar Energy: An infinite resource meeting our infinite demand Introduction Sun had been the main source of energy since the Earth was born. It is the source for primary production. People have been using the energy of Sun in various ways. Apart from these usages, people have finally learnt to generate Solar Power from the solar energy. The Sun is 150 kilometers away, and amazingly powerful. Just the tiny fraction of the Sun’s energy that hits the Earth (around a hundredth of a millionth of a percent) is enough to meet our power needs many times over. In fact, every minute, enough energy arrives at the Earth’s surface to meet our demands for a whole year – it the energy could be harnessed properly. That is, Solar Energy is an infinite resource meeting our infinite demand. The sun produces a tremendous amount of energy. Every second, more than  4 million metric tons  of hydrogen is converted into helium. But even at this rate, the sun will continue producing solar energy for another  5 billion years. As a result, solar energy is considered the ultimate  renewable energy. Aspect to be covered: The use of solar energy to generate solar power (solar cells) and save electricity. Motivation: Nowadays, non-renewable resources are at crisis. In Bangladesh, electricity consumption is high and it fails to meet the demand. Bangladesh suffers load shedding at a high rate. Therefore, in order to save electricity, people must come forward and learn to harness solar energy in order to produce solar power. The more efficiently the solar energy can be harnessed, the more electricity can be saved. Using solar energy we will be able to reduce our carbon footprint and be free from rising utility rates. Importance of Solar Energy Generating Solar Power involves no pollution. Environmentally, it is the most Clean and Green energy. Solar energy is clean, renewable (unlike gas, oil, and coal), and sustainable, helping to protect our environment. Solar Energy Is Important In Nature: Solar energy is an important part of almost every life process, if not, all life processes. Plants and animals, alike, use solar energy to produce important nutrients in their cells. Plants use the energy to produce the green chlorophyll that they need to survive, while humans use the sun rays to produce vitamin D in their bodies. However, when man learned to actually convert solar energy into usable energy, it became even more important. Solar Energy Is Important As Clean Energy: Since solar energy is completely natural, it is considered a clean energy source. It does not disrupt the environment or create a threat to Eco-systems the way oil and some other energy sources might. It does not cause greenhouse gases, air or water pollution. The small amount of impact it does have on the environment is usually from the chemicals and solvents that are used during the manufacture of the photovoltaic cells that are needed to convert the sun’s energy into electricity. This is a small problem compared to the huge impact that one oil spill can have on the environment. The Conversion of Solar Energy to Solar Power Solar Cells (also called â€Å"Photovoltaic†, â€Å"PV†, or â€Å"Photoelectric† cells) convert sunlight into electricity. It is made up of three subsystems * The PV Devices generate the solar power by converting sunlight into direct-current (DC) electricity. * The BOS consists of all the equipment between the PV devices and the load. It includes the structure for mounting the PV devices, he power conditioning equipment to convert the DC electricity to alternating current (AC) for the use by the load, and batteries for storing the PV generated electricity if desired. The Load is simply the device that uses the electricity. The television is a good example of a load. Case Studies: * Germany has long been the world leader in producing solar electricity Some people believe that Germany’s walk away from nuclear power will lead it  down to more fossil fuel plants own  and all the CO2 emissions that come with them. But the country was cranking solar electric ity like it or no nation ever has, according to the International Economic Platform for Renewable Energies in Muenster. The group said in a press release last Saturday that photovoltaic operations in Germany were producing at 22 gigawatts for a cloudless stretch beginning at around noon on Friday, May 25, 2012. As the institute pointed out, that was the equivalent of about 20 nuclear power plants. You read "Solar Power" in category "Papers" Germany has long been the world leader in producing solar electricity, in large measure because over a decade ago it implemented â€Å"feed in tariffs† (FiTs) that essentially pay people and businesses for generating solar. Germany has been cutting those tariffs steadily, and at an accelerating pace as plunging prices of solar panels makes them less necessary. The FiTs have encouraged solar uptake and have led to lower prices through manufacturing economies of scale. On top of that, Chinese manufacturers have pushed prices down. German’s Parliament recently sped up FiT cuts in part because the subsidy has led to higher electricity prices,  a Bloomberg Businessweek story noted two months ago. The importance of solar is now greater than ever in Germany, following the country’s decision to abandon nuclear power after Japan’s Fukushima nuclear meltdown in March 2011. The world is watching this one. * Exploration of Solar Power In Bangladesh Bangladesh is a massively power-deficient country with peak power shortages of around 25%. More than 60% of its people do not have access to the power grid. The country only produces  3500-4200  MW of electricity against a daily demand for 4000-5200 MW on average, according to official estimates. Solar energy is an ideal solution as it can provide grid less power and is totally clean in terms of pollution and health hazards. Since it saves money on constructing electricity transmission lines, it’s economical as well. Little wonder that  it is becoming popular in Bangladesh. The number of households using solar panels has now crossed the one million mark, the fastest expansion of solar use anywhere in the world. In 2002, just 7,000 households in Bangladesh were using solar panels, but now more than one million households, or five million people, are benefitting from solar energy. The Government of Bangladesh has also withdrawn all the import tariff and VAT (Value Added Tax) on the raw materials of solar panels for the current fiscal year. In his budget speech, the Finance Minister Abul Mal Abdul Muhit said that Bangladesh gets about 250 to 300 sunny days on average per year (rainy days are not included). He added that since the maintenance cost is very low, we could massively increase the use of solar power in the country. The solar panel providers in Bangladesh are now expecting the price of batteries and accessories to drastically reduce. In fact, solar panels and accessories imported from countries in the developed world like Germany cost a lot, but the same panels manufactured in China cost much less. In the capital city, Dhaka, the power department has set a pre-condition of installing solar panels on buildings applying for new connections. In the villages, solar power is even being used to operate pumps for irrigation. Today both urban city dwellers and villagers in remote areas of Bangladesh are using solar energy. Photo Voltaic Power Stations World’s largest photovoltaic power stations (50 MW or larger)| PV power station| Country| DC peak power (MW)| Notes| Agua Caliente Solar Project| USA| over 200| 397 MW when complete| Charanka Solar Park| India| 214| Completed 2012| Golmud Solar Park| China| 200| Completed 2011| Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant| Canada| 97[24]| Constructed 2009–2010| Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station| Italy| 84. | Constructed 2009–2010| Finsterwalde Solar Park| Germany| 80. 7| Phase I completed 2009, phase II and III 2010| Okhotnykovo Solar Park| Ukraine| 80| Completed 2011| Solarpark Senftenberg| Germany| 78| Phase II and III completed 2011, another 70 MW phase planned| Lieberose Photovoltaic Park  | Germany| 71. 8| | Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant| Italy| 70| Completed November 2010| Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park| Spain| 60| Completed September 2008| Strasskirchen Solar Park| Germany| 54| | Puertollano Photovoltaic Park| Spain| 50| opened 2008| Possible future projections and recommendations: In Bangladesh, Gazipur Solar Panel Plant will be initiating soon BANECO Solar Energy Ltd. , a German-Bangladesh joint-venture, will start manufacturing European standard solar panel in the country very soon. The company has already set up a manufacturing plant at Gazipur at a cost of Tk. 27. 27 crore in effort to reduce country’s dependence on import of Solar Panel. In addition, BANECO has a plan to manufacture solar power station in each district, solar irrigation pump and solar streetlight gradually. * Powering Streetlights in Dhaka with Solar Power Currently, Dhaka uses around 22,000 sodium lights and 57,000 fluorescent lights for its streetlights. Plans are afoot to have solar-powered lights at 100 traffic intersections under a separate project funded by the World Bank. The solar panels will also power automatic time-countdown displays at intersections to tell motorists when the next change of lights will be. The power demands of traffic lights are insignificant, but officials said the project will raise awareness among the motorists about green technology. * Planning 1000 MW Solar Power Plant in Gujarat, India Taking cue from Gujarat, Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) proposes to set up solar power plant atop 2,494 kilometers long network of canals that has the potential to generate up to 1,000 mw green solar power. Setting up solar power plant atop water canal eliminates the need for land acquisition and water evaporation from the canal that is quite high in India with sunshine for nearly 300 days in a year. Future of Solar Power: The future of solar PV looks rather bright. The industry has consistently been able to lower the cost of solar panels. If this trend can be maintained for the next 10 years, and if subsidies are continued for that period, there is a real prospect for solar to become cost competitive on its own (that is, without a subsidy), at least for commercial installations. Utility-scale installations will take longer to become competitive. Conclusion Solar energy is lauded as an inexhaustible fuel source that is pollution and often noise free. The technology is also versatile. For example, solar cells generate energy for far-out places like satellites in Earth orbit and cabins deep in the Rocky Mountains as easily as they can power downtown buildings and futuristic cars. Today’s solar product offerings go way beyond what most people think of when they hear the term ‘solar power’ or ‘solar energy’ – typically they imagine solar electric panels on a roof converting sunlight into electricity. While these ‘photo voltaic’ panels do represent a piece of the solar pie, many more solar-powered products and technologies utilizing the sun’s energy now exist. Solar PV systems, battery-backed off-grid systems, solar farms and more are at the forefront of the solar power world innovations, with more to come. References http://environment. nationalgeographic. om/environment/global-warming/solar-power-profile/ http://www. solar-energy-at-home. com/why-use-solar-energy. html http://www. darvill. clara. net/altenerg/solar. htm http://www. smartplanet. com/blog/intelligent-energy/solar-electricity-world-record-germany-cranks-half-its-power-with-pv/16354 http://www. reuters. com/article/2012/07/05/us-banglades h-solar-idUSBRE8640DM20120705 http://www. energybangla. com/ http://cdkn. org/2011/07/explosion-of-solar-power-in-bangladesh/ http://www. mydigitalfc. com/news/dvc-plans-1000-mw-solar-power-plant-over-water-canal-network-586 How to cite Solar Power, Papers Solar Power Free Essays Peter Maloney writes in his article, † Environmentalists Against Solar Power† that solar power projects are facing major scrutiny, not from the coal or oil industry, but from environmentalists. Maloney says that Southern California is pushing for solar power in the desert cause the amount of sunlight with virtually no clouds, â€Å"but its also the home to the Mojave ground squirrel, the desert tortoise and the burrowing owl, and to human residents†. Maloney also states that the US Bureau of Land Management says that it had applications submitted for solar power that would cover 78,490 acres in the desert. We will write a custom essay sample on Solar Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the entire US, the number of applications grew from zero two years ago to more than 125 with enouch potential electrical power of 70,000 megawatts or the equivalent to 70 large coal plants. The rush to try and get this land is caused by a California Law that calls for 20 percent of the state’s electricity must come from renewable resources by 2010. Jim Harvey, who is the founder of the Alliance for Responsible Energy Policy, is quoted by Maloney saying, † Our position is that none of this is needed. We support renewable energy, and we support California’s renewable energy targets, but we think it can be done through rooftop solar†. Harvey also pointed out the success that Germany was having by using rooftop solar panels. The way it works is that the government offers payments for electricity generated from solar panels. The payment is roughly 50 cents per kilowatt hour. The average payment in the US in 11 cents per kilowatt hour, but the payments would not be as high as the German payments here. Maloney goes on to say not only would the solar panels destroy habitats, it would run the deserts small water supply, as it is, even more scarce. The mirror and solar panels would have to be washed, and some panels use turbines which would require more water. Terry Frewin, chairman of the Sierra Club’s California/Nevada desert commitee, says that † solar panels destroy all natice resources on site, and have indirect and irreversible impacts on surrounding wilderness†. At the current rate of adding 200 megawatts of rooftop solar panels a year, it would take â€Å"100 years to meet the 20 percent renewable [target set] by California†. The first major debate over a large solar power project was over the 250 acres of land, which was on the outskirts of Victorville, California, on the western side of the Mojave that was gonna be used for the solar panels. Inland hired people to look for the endangered ground squirrel and desert tortoise. No squirrels were found but some tortoises were, so the Inland, cmpany building the panels, said for every acre of lost habitat they would buy one acre of land to offset it. Although it would cost some â€Å"6.5 million to 10 million dollars† to buy the offsetting acreage. How to cite Solar Power, Essay examples

Care plan Management

Question: Explain Care plan for Mr. Lee. Answer: Care plan for Mr. Lee PROBLEM/ISSUE GOAL OF CARE NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE INDICATORS PLAN IS EFFECTIVE PHYSICAL Mechanical fall and risk of harm Prevention of fall for promoting independence, enhancing physical movement and providing safe environment Appointing a support worker to Mr. Lee. Assessment of his vision and physical ability Balance assessment- for promoting his muscle strengthening Assessing his eyesight is the primary intervention for Mr. Lee to reduce his fall risk because the blurred or impaired vision is general symptoms in older adults of his age. The blurred or impaired vision enhances the risk of fall and chances of physical injury (Morgan Yoder, 2012). As he has a history of fall from tool during gardening, reducing the risk of fall is necessary. Appointing a support worker would be helpful for Mr. Lee because the support worker would enhance his ability to complete his ADLs. the support worker can assess his mobility and physical ability regularly and based on the reports proper interventions can be recommended (Reuben Tinetti, 2012). Mr. Lee participated in a 12 week program for enhanced balance and muscle strengthening. The support worker reduced the harmful and hazardous materials from Mr. Lees house. Mr. Lee showed empowered behaviour and improved mobility Physical exercise including aerobic and walking interventions Physical exercise is necessary with age the normal muscle strength declines with increased risk of falling. It would also enhance his abilities of movement and completing ADLs (Rosemond et al., 2012) Eliminating hazardous materials from his surrounding areas within his home As Mr. Lee stays alone at his home, the chance of falling enhance along with risk of physical harm. The support worker would reduce harm through the elimination of hazardous elements including acids, knife, chemical strippers and fire extinguishers (Brownie Nancarrow, 2013). Enhanced mobility Gardening interventions Onder et al., (2012) analysed the role of gardening in mental and physical wellbeing of older adults. It enhances the hand strength and pinch force. Positive results from gardening would enhance the self-esteem level. Along with the exercise program. Gardening can be both energetic and relaxing for him MENTAL Deterioration in mental health, Loss and grief, Risky behaviour Enhancing mental relaxation decrease sympathetic outputs Tai chi intervention Tai chi is a traditional Chinese exercise which is used as martial arts for health benefits. The practice involves sequences of flowing movements along with changed mental focus, coordination, breathing and relaxation. It would help Mr. Lee to improve her mental health. The intervention has been reported as the meditative movements for enhancing mental functioning (Gillespie et al., 2012) Tai chi and person-centred care were useful for their enhanced recovery of mental health. After attending a 8 week counselling session, he showed enhanced self-confidence and decreased hesitation. Enhancing self--confidence Person-entered Health counselling Person-centred health counselling and therapeutic communication stimulation can be the best intervention for Mr. Lee to enhance his self confidence. Upon assessment, the person-centred counselling would help him to deal with his loss and grief for his wife and dear ones (Cameron et al., 2012) Making him aware of his status and promoting self-help Individual Health promotion Health promotion is necessary for Mr. Lee for enhancing his knowledge about his actual health status. In this health promotion, Mr. Lee would be provided all the necessary information about his health assessment, counselling and other health intervention along with their importance (Takahashi et al., 2012). It would help him to build sufficient knowledge to promote self-management and self-management is important at this age. Aged And Community Services Australia (ACSA) (www.agedcare.org.au, 2016/ 0396001988/ Blackburn North Victoria) is another organization which provides care to the patients by developing adequacy and development in both political and public areas. they are always ready with their legal advices for the patient whenever needed. They also provide different kinds of information like the eligibility and conditions for the location by giving the pamphlet. They also give design employment to the unemployed people by creating social clubs also provide home furnishing to the immigrants. Lee is excited to use this services as his friend has given positive feedback about this services. SOCIAL Social isolation, Less involvement with others, silent most of the time, Decreased self-confidence Enhanced social involvement Involvement with catholic groups at St. Pauls church regularly Mr. Lee has a background of migration from China to Australia at the age of 12 and he has lost his father at early age. Therefore, there was a cultural issue identified and at his end of life stage. Therefore, his involvement with his society can improve his health and well being (Smith et al., 2012). Therefore, the nursing intervention would be targeted towards his enhanced involvement with catholic church. Decreased social isolation would reduce the risk of depression Attending creative workshops and his involvement with his catholic society friends at St. Paul church enhanced his negative thinking towards his life as well as enhanced his creative thinking Enhanced interaction with others and mental wellbeing Group creative education Creative interaction with others is a great way to engage older people in community it also helps to enhance their self confidence and the urge of living. Creative education would include art and craft education which is a well known recreation activities suitable for aged care services. Creative practices like painting, participating in art and craft workshops and creation of art and craft would promote the critical thinking and judgement skills, thereby enhancing positive interaction with others (Zarit Zarit, 2012). EMOTIONAL Anxious nature Behavioural and communication improvement Behavioural activation and pleasant events, cognitive training The behavioural activation programs through the therapeutic communication stimulation can be helpful for Mr. Lee to improve his current health status. The therapeutic stimulation would initially need the establishment of positive relationship within the nurse and Mr. Lee (Wright Leahe, 2012). It would enhance his cognitive thinking and positivity which would be sufficient for his emotional well being. The support from the positive relationship with the nurse would promote his positive judgment and wellbeing. Carers Australia (www.carersaustralia.com.au, 2016/+61 262790200) is the foundation of the old aged homes. One of the Australias integral health care system. it is mainly responsible for the medication management. It provides social, financial and emotional support to the elderly patients. Mr. Lee is looking forward to this service to improve social connectedness. The organization help the patients to get organized, remind them with the dates of their appointments and with the dealing of the emergency. They also provide transportation assistance in case of medical urgency. They also look after the Holocaust elderly survivors. The sessions of therapeutic communication stimulation helped Mr. Lee to improve his communication and interaction which reduced his risk of anxiety. The relaxing and supportive exercise helped in improving his emotional wellbeing Decreased mobility and related depression Improving physical disability and related emotional wellbeing Exercise and walking Relaxing exercise and regular walking has been reported to enhance the emotional well being of geriatric patient. The physical disability is one of the most common causes of emotional issues. A walking programme for three times a week over six months can improve the mental and emotional well being (Li et al., 2012). It has been also reported that relaxing physical exercise improve the hormone regulation in the body and thereby controlling depression and anxiety related symptoms. Engagement in regular exercise and walking program would also help him to reduce his loss and grief related depression symptoms. Decreased sense of emotion Emotional health boost Computer games and brainstorming It has been proved that older adults, who are involved in computer games and brainstorming activities, have been shown to have positive results in recreation programs. It can also enhance his social involvement with others who plays videogame, thereby reduction of his loneliness and social isolation problem would also be resolved. The Aged And Care Assessment Team (www.myagedcare.gov.au, 2016/1800200422) is an independent multi disciplinary organization, which provides free care to the people with age above 65 years. It relates to respite and transition care, aged care of residential and packages of home care. The respite care is like an emergency or temporary care, which is given to the elderly people who have an intellectual disability. This care provides a positive feeling to the patients receiving this. Lee is excited to use this services as her friend has given positive feedback about this services ACAT gives continuous services by doing their daily tasks and looking after their personal care 24x7. They try to make the patients feel at home and comfort them in every means. HANDOVER TO ACAT RN Identify- Peta Harbour, registered nurse, New South Wales hospital Situation- The patient has been come for primary health care facility after completing his 75+ annual health assessment with a health care practitioner. He has been reported with decreased social, physical, mental and emotional wellbeing. Now, the major priority for the patient is to make a action plan for his health and well being after assessing his past history which has been reported by the health care practitioner. Background- Thomas Lee, the current patient is a 68 years old male who has been migrated from china to Australia when he was 12 years old and he is a retired carpenter. He can speak English fluently. He sold veggie at local market. He has lost his wife recently and has no children. It made him lonely as he stays alone at her house. However, he receives aged care pension. Analyzing his current health history, it has been revealed that he received tetanus, pneumonia and influenza vaccines till 2015. His family history revealed that he lost his father when he was a child and his mother died at the age of 89. He has a sibling who lives in another state, thus there is less chance to meet Mr. Lee frequently. Assessment- The current care plan of the patient revealed that improving his mobility, reducing the risk of fall and injury and enhancing his emotional and mental wellbeing are the care priorities for Mr. Lee. In this context, it has also been found that physical exercise plan, social involvement, reducing his loneliness and depression related to loss and grief is important for his palliative care services (Morgan Yoder, 2012). Request- The ACAT assessment and other two community service would provide emotional, financial along with personal care services at any time which is necessary for the older adult people (Reuben Tinetti, 2012). In addition, the ACSA institute helps in development of public and political support for meeting the current personal and medical requirements of Mr. Lee. Therefore, the service would be beneficial for Mr. Lee. Reference List Aged Care Assessment Team (ACAT). (2016). Healthywa.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 23 May 2016, from https://healthywa.wa.gov.au/Articles/A_E/Aged-Care-Assessment-Team-ACAT Brownie, S. Nancarrow, S. (2013). Effects of person-centered care on residents and staff in aged-care facilities: a systematic review.CIA, 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/cia.s38589 Cameron, I. D., Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Murray, G. R., Hill, K. D., Cumming, R. G., Kerse, N. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,12. Gillespie, L. D., Robertson, M. C., Gillespie, W. J., Sherrington, C., Gates, S., Clemson, L. M., Lamb, S. E. (2012). INTERVENTIONS FOR PREVENTING FALLS IN OLDER PEOPLE LIVING IN THE COMMUNITY: FINDINGS FROM THE RECENTLY UPDATED COCHRANE REVIEW.Parkinsonism Related Disorders,16, S9. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-8020(10)70034-1 Home   Carers Australia. (2016). Carersaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 23 May 2016, from https://www.carersaustralia.com.au/home/ Li, F., Harmer, P., Fitzgerald, K., Eckstrom, E., Stock, R., Galver, J. et al. (2012). Tai Chi and Postural Stability in Patients with Parkinson's Disease.New England Journal Of Medicine,366(6), 511-519. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1107911 Morgan, S. Yoder, L. (2011). A Concept Analysis of Person-Centered Care.Journal Of Holistic Nursing,30(1), 6-15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898010111412189 Onder, G., Carpenter, I., Finne-Soveri, H., Gindin, J., Frijters, D., Henrard, J. et al. (2012). Assessment of nursing home residents in Europe: the Services and Health for Elderly in Long TERm care (SHELTER) study.BMC Health Services Research,12(1), 5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-12-5 Reuben, D. Tinetti, M. (2012). Goal-Oriented Patient Care An Alternative Health Outcomes Paradigm.New England Journal Of Medicine,366(9), 777-779. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmp1113631 Rosemond, C., Hanson, L., Ennett, S., Schenck, A., Weiner, B. (2012). Implementing person-centered care in nursing homes.Health Care Management Review,37(3), 257-266. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hmr.0b013e318235ed17 Smith, S. M., Soubhi, H., Fortin, M., Hudon, C., ODowd, T. (2012). Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community settings.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,4. Takahashi, P., Pecina, J., Upatising, B., Chaudhry, R., Shah, N., Van Houten, H. et al. (2012). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Telemonitoring in Older Adults With Multiple Health Issues to Prevent Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits.Arch Intern Med,172(10). https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.256 Welcome to ACSA Victoria ACSA - Aged and Community Services Australia (Victoria). (2016). Agedcarevic.org.au. Retrieved 23 May 2016, from https://www.agedcarevic.org.au/ Wright, L. M., Leahey, M. (2012).Nurses and families: A guide to family assessment and intervention. FA Davis. Zarit, S. H., Zarit, J. M. (2012).Mental disorders in older adults: Fundamentals of assessment and treatment. Guilford Press.